Peter the Great

Peter the Great
(1672–1725)
   Monarch.
   Peter became Czar (Emperor) of Russia in 1689. He was determined to modernise all the institutions of that vast country and, inevitably, he turned his attention to the Orthodox Church. In order to secure complete power in the ecclesiastical realm, he abolished the office of Patriarch and in his ‘Spiritual Regulation’ of 1721, Church government was put into the hands of the Holy Synod, whose members were all nominated by the Czar. The synod remained in existence until 1917. After the Bolshevik revolution of 1917 it was abolished and a token Patriarchate was restored.
   M. Smith Anderson, Peter the Great (1978);
   J. Cracraft, The Church Reform of Peter the Great (1971);
   R.K. Massie and R. Kinloch, Peter the Great: His Life and Work (1981).

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